The problem is usually at its worst during the winter because of lower surface temperatures. Emulsions can create high-pressure drops in flow lines, lead to an increase in demulsifier use, and sometimes cause trips or upsets in wet-crude handling facilities. Emulsions can be difficult to treat and may cause several operational problems in wet-crude handling facilities and gas/oil separating plants. A regular oilfield emulsion is a dispersion of water droplets in oil. Produced water may be produced as "free" water (i.e., water that will settle out fairly rapidly), and it may be produced in the form of an emulsion. Furthermore, crude oil must comply with certain product specifications for sale, including the amount of basic sediment and water (BS&W) and salt, which means that the produced water must be separated from the oil to meet crude specifications. The produced water must be:Īll these steps increase costs. The water creates several problems and usually increases the unit cost of oil production. 5.3 Droplet size and droplet-size distributionĬrude oil is seldom produced alone because it generally is commingled with water.5 Characteristics and physical properties.
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